Acknowledgements

This work has been a wonderful exercise in scientific collaboration. We thank Hernan Garcia for information and advice for working with these bacterial strains, Pamela Björkman and Rachel Galimidi for access and training for use of the Miltenyi Biotec MACSQuant flow cytometer, and Colin deBakker of Milteny Biotec for useful advice and instruction in flow cytometry. The experimental front of this work began at the Physiology summer course at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA operated by the University of Chicago. We thank Simon Alamos, Nalin Ratnayeke, and Shane McInally for their work on the project during the course. We also thank Suzannah Beeler, Justin Bois, Robert Brewster, Soichi Hirokawa, Jané Kondev, Heun Jin Lee, Mitch Lewis, Muir Morrison, and Julie Theriot for useful advice and discussion. This work was supported by La Fondation Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, the Rosen Center at Caltech, and the National Institutes of Health DP1 OD000217 (Director’s Pioneer Award), R01 GM085286, and 1R35 GM118043-01 (MIRA). Nathan Belliveau is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute International Student Research fellow.